The treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) involves implementing preventive measures, delaying disease progression, relieving symptoms and, above all, prolonging survival. The effectiveness of the drug arsenal for the management of HFrEF has been well established by several randomized clinical trials and is based on 4 foundational pillars of treatment: (1) β-blockers; (2) renin-angiotensin system inhibitors, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs); (3) sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is); and […]

A Brief History of Heart Failure (HF) Treatment Until 1987, HF treatment consisted in: None of these recommendations was based on clinical or epidemiological evidence, instead relying on the pathophysiological knowledge of the disease at the time, the pharmacological effect of medications, and good sense. […]

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is classically categorized into phenotypes according to left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), one of them being HF with preserved EF (HFpEF; EF ≥ 50%). In the past decades, a myriad of drug therapies that reduce mortality and hospitalization rates for HF with reduced EF have emerged. However, although HFpEF accounts for about 50% of HF cases, to this date, only empagliflozin was shown to reduce HF hospitalization, and no drug reduced the risk for cardiovascular death […]