Advanced heart failure (HF) accounts for almost 15% of patients with HF, and it has been defined as “the presence of progressive and/or persistent severe symptoms despite optimal guideline-directed management regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).”1,2 Although patients with advanced HF are thought to usually present with severely reduced LVEF, it should be noted that the definition of advanced HF does not require low LVEF. Indeed, more than half of patients with advanced HF have LVEF above 40%, with […]

Introduction Heart failure (HF) is characterized by progressive functional or structural worsening of the myocardium. Despite significant therapeutic advances that have improved survival and quality of life, HF still has high morbidity and mortality rates. Patients with HF may progress with refractory disease, whose gold standard treatment is heart transplantation (HT)., The assessment of pulmonary hemodynamics is indicated for HT candidates. The presence of fixed pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a contraindication for HT because it promotes right ventricular (RV) dysfunction […]