Introduction Heart failure (HF) can be a serious disease if not treated properly. One of the markers of severity is precisely hospitalization due to HF, often called acute HF or acutely decompensated (ADHF). ADHF involves patients with new HF or an exacerbation of chronic HF. The most common symptoms and signs in ADHF are dyspnea and edema of the lower limbs. Dyspnea, when it occurs in isolation, with no specific signs of HF, can hinder the diagnosis. In this context, […]

Introduction A large proportion of patients with heart failure (HF) have preserved left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction (HFpEF) or slightly reduced systolic function. Although specific cutoff recommendations are constantly evolving, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has recently proposed the term HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) for values between 40–49% and HFpEF for ejection fraction ≥ 50%. In the past, different cutoffs were used in studies of HFpEF, ranging from 40% to 55%. Additionally, there is significant overlap […]