Abstract The treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has always represented a challenge in clinical management. The discovery of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) as efficient cardiac protectors brought the possibility of treating HFpEF, a topic driven by robust studies such as EMPEROR-Preserved and DELIVER. The present work aims to identify the main studies on SGLT2i and primary outcomes in HFpEF. The qualified search was carried out in the BVS and Pubmed indexed databases, with the inclusion […]

A rare – or not so rare – condition? Restrictive cardiomyopathies, caused by primary pathologies of the heart muscle, are considered rare diseases, corresponding to about 5% of all cardiomyopathies. The most frequent form of restrictive cardiomyopathy is cardiac amyloidosis (CA), which can be considered a benchmark since, with the availability of diagnostic technologies, its detection has been made much more frequent, associated with the fact that there are effective treatment possibilities. […]

Abstract The diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) can be challenging and diagnostic scores have been proposed to help in the diagnostic process. This article reviews these scores to provide insights on their role and interpretation in clinical practice. To date, two scores have been validated for the diagnosis of HFpEF. The H2FPEF includes clinical – obesity, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, age – and echocardiographic data – pulmonary hypertension and E/e’ ratio. The HFA-PEFF uses multiple echocardiographic parameters […]

In randomized clinical trials, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been shown effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular (CV) death and hospitalization for chronic heart failure (CHF), as well as renal outcomes, regardless of the presence of diabetes. Despite these findings in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF) (HFrEF), retrospective subanalyses of patients with type 2 diabetes have suggested that many of preventable events have occurred in patients with a left ventricular (LV) EF (LVEF) greater […]

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the most common form of heart failure (HF) in patients older than 65 years of age, accounting for more than 50% of all cases of HF.1 However, despite more than 30 years of research on this intriguing and challenging heart disease, there is a lack of consensus on the diagnostic approach and a wide variation in guidelines’ criteria.2,3 This lack of uniformity in the definition and the difficult diagnosis are partly due […]

Abstract Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) manifests as a heterogeneous syndrome, with pathophysiological variety, often associated with other comorbidities. Furthermore, the therapy performed in these patients is related to the treatment of correlated comorbidities. In this context, the specific pharmacological treatment of HFpEF is a challenge, given the lack of evidence from studies that would prove a significant reduction in mortality outcomes. In this article, we will analyze the management for the control of arterial hypertension and atrial […]