Introduction A large proportion of patients with heart failure (HF) have preserved left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction (HFpEF) or slightly reduced systolic function. Although specific cutoff recommendations are constantly evolving, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) has recently proposed the term HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) for values between 40–49% and HFpEF for ejection fraction ≥ 50%. In the past, different cutoffs were used in studies of HFpEF, ranging from 40% to 55%. Additionally, there is significant overlap […]

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome caused by functional and/or structural cardiac abnormalities in association with elevated natriuretic peptides or other objective evidence of pulmonary and/or systemic congestion.1 These abnormalities result in increased intracardiac pressures and/or inadequate cardiac output at rest and/or during exertion.2 […]

The treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) has been improving by numerous pharmacological and non-pharmacological options, as described in national and international guidelines. However, in the scenario of patients with HF with preserved EF (HFpEF), no therapeutic update has occurred since the last published guideline. – Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are effective hypoglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and are associated with improved glycemic control as well as with reduced body mass and blood […]

Abstract Aortic stenosis is the most prevalent valve disease in clinical practice. The wild form of transthyretin amyloidosis has an increased incidence in elderly individuals, usually over 70 years of age. Amyloidosis and aortic stenosis are 2 diseases that affect similar populations; therefore, they may coexist in the same patient. Patients with amyloidosis and aortic stenosis have disproportionately higher serum levels of troponin and NT-proBNP compared to patients with pure severe aortic stenosis in addition to greater ventricular hypertrophy. Therapeutic […]