Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) is a key parameter in the management of heart failure (HF) and a crucial biomarker for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic decision. Patients with HF are classified into different categories according to EF. Although the concept of “normal” EF was introduced four decades ago, the cutoff values for normal and abnormal EF have considerably varied over time. In 2016, the European Society of Cardiology HF guidelines defined HF with reduced EF (HFrEF) as patients with EF […]
